Throughout this whole course. we have discussed many different aspects of technology and its implications and drivers of those change.
Summary of this whole TWC course:
Change is imminent. I learnt that we have to be adaptable and react fast to change. Unlike in the past, when the rate of technological advancement was not as fast, the world today changes fast and new information are uncovered everyday. Hence, we need to be able learn quick and be willing to learn from others.
Receptive to new ideas. Just like what prof always says, we have to ask why not and not why. By asking why not, we are open to new ideas and there is no limit to the possibilities of what can happen. By adopting this attitude, we would be able to be more creative and the rate of technological advancement would be faster.
Companies need to adapt. Prof also introduced us the concept of the falling star and the rising star. Attitude is extremely important. Companies need to continue to improve their products and services. Research and development is also important although it is expensive. The problem with research and development is that some countries wait for others to invest heavily in it then they would just reap the fruits of their labour.
Throughout this course, we talked about information and communicative technology (ICT), healthcare and the bio medical sector, the agricultural sector, energy sources, emerging technologies and technology and forecast assessments.
I learnt that technology is like double edge sword, if humans use technology in the wrong way, it could cause devastating consequences. However, if its applied to correct way, it could help humankind improve our standard of living and even save lives. I feel that it is important to ensure that the poor also has access to technology. The socio-economic divide could seriously worsen quickly if the poor are not given access to the internet. The internet is an extremely useful tool as it allows one to access to a wide variety of content. Perhaps in the future, education could be provided to children in third world nations through using the internet.
In addition, i learnt that some technology are dangerous and extra caution needs to be taken. For example, the incident of the japan fukushima daiichi plant that had a nuclear meltdown, it caused catastrophic impacts on the environment. Hence, technology needs to be handle properly or it would cause more problems.
I have enjoyed this TWC journey and made many new friends. I have learnt to look things from different perspectives and i truly enjoyed this course and would apply what i learnt to my future endeavors! :)
Technology and World Change
Sunday, November 17, 2013
Monday, November 11, 2013
Session 12
Today there were 5 groups presenting.
1. The future of Prosthetic
Interestingly, war is the factor that drives the research and development of this technology. In the past, prosthetic were used to provide a replacement to soldiers who have lost their limbs during combat. Much has improved since the first prosthetic was created. In the past, the prosthetic were made of wood. Compared to the present situation, where the materials used now are alloys that ensure that the prosthetic is light and portable. Moreover, there are more functions added to the prosthetic limbs. The arms for example are able to rotate 360 degrees around the wrist to make it look more like the actual arm. However, one problem that the group pointed out is that the user cannot control the amount of strength they exert while they hold items. This may lead to them destroying the items. A technology advances, users of prosthetic are able to have a sense of touch with the addition of mind controlled prosthetic. This also allows for better coordination. The group pointed out a good point that although, this technology may seem only accessible to the rich, over time, the cost of producing these prosthetic limbs will fall. Hence, the poor would still be able to access to it. Good and funny presentation!!
2. Trans humanism
The presentation was really interesting as i have not heard of this term before. Trans-humanism are when the humans are implanted with artificial prosthetic that enhances their ability. This allows the disabled to be able to function normally as if they are normal. However, as technology is being used, sometimes the technology was so advanced that it gives the disabled a huge advantage that a normal human would not have.
3. Food for the future
The introduction to the presentation was really funny and relevant to the topic. The group then started to explore about the problem of world hunger. The situation is actually quite bad in countries like Africa and those underdeveloped countries where as many as 1 in 8 people go to bed hungry at night. There were a few ways in which the group proposed to eradicate world hunger. Currently, bio-technology, good food preservation techniques and agriculture are some methods that are implemented. Personally i feel that it is the wastage of food in wealthy nations that is worsening the problem of food shortage. If there was better food division, there would not be so many starving people in countries like Africa. This presentation also reminded me of the lesson where prof showed the video where farmers in India are committing suicide. Multinational companies are encouraging the use of genetically modified seeds and promised high yield of the crops.
4. Sex and advertising
This group focuses about how technology has affected advertising. They talked about the different types of advertisements. They mentioned that the advertisements are projected women as sex objects and some products have no relation to the advertisements whatsoever. I feel that these type of irresponsible advertisement would cause the a rise in problem of teenage pregnancy. Some advertisement also portray women as a weaker sex. This would give a wrong impression to young children. The future of advertisements are also interesting as there may be 3D advertisements.
5. Virtual reality
My group presented on virtual reality while focusing on 2 types simulation virtual reality and augmented reality. We looked at the current examples, future and implications of simulation virtual reality and augmented reality.
It is the last day of TWC lesson! I will miss the nice people i met there and I would always remember the things we learnt in class. Thank you for widening my horizon and helping me to understand the different perspectives! :)
Personal Rating: 10/10
1. The future of Prosthetic
Interestingly, war is the factor that drives the research and development of this technology. In the past, prosthetic were used to provide a replacement to soldiers who have lost their limbs during combat. Much has improved since the first prosthetic was created. In the past, the prosthetic were made of wood. Compared to the present situation, where the materials used now are alloys that ensure that the prosthetic is light and portable. Moreover, there are more functions added to the prosthetic limbs. The arms for example are able to rotate 360 degrees around the wrist to make it look more like the actual arm. However, one problem that the group pointed out is that the user cannot control the amount of strength they exert while they hold items. This may lead to them destroying the items. A technology advances, users of prosthetic are able to have a sense of touch with the addition of mind controlled prosthetic. This also allows for better coordination. The group pointed out a good point that although, this technology may seem only accessible to the rich, over time, the cost of producing these prosthetic limbs will fall. Hence, the poor would still be able to access to it. Good and funny presentation!!
2. Trans humanism
The presentation was really interesting as i have not heard of this term before. Trans-humanism are when the humans are implanted with artificial prosthetic that enhances their ability. This allows the disabled to be able to function normally as if they are normal. However, as technology is being used, sometimes the technology was so advanced that it gives the disabled a huge advantage that a normal human would not have.
3. Food for the future
The introduction to the presentation was really funny and relevant to the topic. The group then started to explore about the problem of world hunger. The situation is actually quite bad in countries like Africa and those underdeveloped countries where as many as 1 in 8 people go to bed hungry at night. There were a few ways in which the group proposed to eradicate world hunger. Currently, bio-technology, good food preservation techniques and agriculture are some methods that are implemented. Personally i feel that it is the wastage of food in wealthy nations that is worsening the problem of food shortage. If there was better food division, there would not be so many starving people in countries like Africa. This presentation also reminded me of the lesson where prof showed the video where farmers in India are committing suicide. Multinational companies are encouraging the use of genetically modified seeds and promised high yield of the crops.
4. Sex and advertising
This group focuses about how technology has affected advertising. They talked about the different types of advertisements. They mentioned that the advertisements are projected women as sex objects and some products have no relation to the advertisements whatsoever. I feel that these type of irresponsible advertisement would cause the a rise in problem of teenage pregnancy. Some advertisement also portray women as a weaker sex. This would give a wrong impression to young children. The future of advertisements are also interesting as there may be 3D advertisements.
5. Virtual reality
My group presented on virtual reality while focusing on 2 types simulation virtual reality and augmented reality. We looked at the current examples, future and implications of simulation virtual reality and augmented reality.
It is the last day of TWC lesson! I will miss the nice people i met there and I would always remember the things we learnt in class. Thank you for widening my horizon and helping me to understand the different perspectives! :)
Personal Rating: 10/10
Session 11
Session 11 and 12 are both presentation weeks!!
This week 3 groups presented their websites.
1. Futuristic buildings
The group talked about the futurist of buildings. I
like the layout of their website as the design is really appealing. The group
started off with discussing about the history of materials used to construct buildings.
The early day’s people prop woods together to make a simple makeshift house for
shelter. Later came the use of clay then followed by concrete. Currently, the
exterior of buildings are usually made of glass to increase the aesthetic appeal.
The group pointed out that the usual buildings that we now have are not
resistant to natural disaster. In the case of a natural disaster, it would
cause the building to crumble killing many lives. There was a lot of discussion
about using sustainable materials to construct buildings. The group also looked
at the buildings from different countries. I particularly like the design of Japanese
homes. I prefer simple houses like those from the past where the houses are built
lowly with nature surrounding it. However, this is not possible in Singapore
where there are lands constrains and hence high rise buildings need to be made.
The future of Japanese homes is especially interesting as it would incorporate
technology and nature. The homes would be 100% eco-sustainable and this would
benefit the world greatly. Imagine if the electrical needs of a home can be
supported by harnessing the sun, this will greatly reduce our reliance on
fossil fuels. They did a great job with the website and the presentation was
great!!!
2. Clean technology
The group analysed the different case studies of
the how some countries rely on clean technology. They also gave many different
types of clean technology mainly the more common ones like solar and wind.
However, they also mentioned about tidal energy which I think is great as they
widen their scope of analysis. I feel that nuclear energy needs to be handled
very carefully. As what the group mentioned, the Fukushima nuclear plant
meltdown has caused devastating impacts to both humans and the ecological
system around the area. These compounds seep into the soil and are not easily
removed and can remain underground for centuries creating harm spreading across
generations. The group also pointed out that in the midst of shifting towards
renewable energy, some countries are faced with other problems. For example, in
China the three gorges dam had been constructed only to bring negative consequences
to the area around it. Although the three gorges dam has indeed help to
generate hydropower, it faces criticism. The dam slowed down water flow and the
decrease in water flow causes an increase in pollution. The waste that could
have been flush out using the water is now sunk to the bottom of the river. China
is also investing heavily in the renewable energy sector as it foresees that
China would need to tap on this energy to continue to allow the growth of
industries. I think they group did a good job and their research was in depth to
explain each part!!
3.Nanotechnology
The group created a website that is very easy to understand and interactive. They went through the different applications on nano-technology and focused on the part on nano-technology affecting the medicine industry. When nano-technology is applied to medicine, there is really a overhaul in how patients will be treated. There will be a rise in customized treatments and the side effects on different people can also be reduced. Nanotechnology can also be used to prevent cancer. Nano size particles can be added into sun screens so when it is being used, these particles would be absorbed into the skin and form a protective layer. The impacts of the use of nano-technology is also explored by the group during presentation. The growth market for this technology is still wide as there has not been any countries that is using it extensively as of now. Hence, in the future, this sector has the ability to create many jobs. The group also brought up a point which i think is relevant to consider. If nano-technology becomes the norm and is easily accessed, it would allow people to make their own mini-weapons that are capable of mass destruction. Hence, it needs to be decided who can have access to this technology. I think the group did a great job in exploring the different implications and the presentation was interesting!!
Overall, I learnt a lot from this session and I am looking forward to the next one in which my group will be presenting! :)
Personal Rating: 10/10
Personal Rating: 10/10
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Individual Paper
How has technology
changed the hospitality industry and how will it continue to shape the
industry?[1]
Clara
Chu Yi Jia (clara.chu.2013@business.smu.edu.sg),
1st Year student, Bachelor of Business Management, Singapore
Management University
Executive
Summary
This paper
will explore about how technology has evolved the hospitality industry. It also
delves about how the importance of incorporating technology into business due
to the fast paced society the world has become. In the past when transportation
was not fully developed yet, guests were usually from the nearby geographical
regions. However, with the development of air transportation and cheaper air
flights, the hospitality industry is catering to guests that may come from all parts
of the world. The hospitality industry has transformed from relying heavily on
manual labour to relying on machinery to get things done. The implementation of
technology has mostly brought about positive impacts despite causing some
negative impacts too. Furthermore, this paper will discuss about the economic
and social implications of introducing technology into the sector. This report
will also delve into the possibilities of how technology will continue to shape
the industry in the future.
Introduction
2.1 Why is
technology in hospitality industry revolutionary?
It is common to see computerised reservation systems being used in
hotels. Although consumers do not feel that these technologies are significant,
however it should be noted that computers have only been included in the
hospitality sector in the last decade. In a short period of ten years, there
are so many dramatic changes to the job scope and skill requirements of jobs. In
addition to the fast introduction of new technologies, the pace of work is also
increased due to the time and labour that are being saved when such
technologies are implemented.
Moreover, the
way consumers plan their holidays have also changed drastically. According to the article “Think with Google's '5
Stages of Travel'” on an average a traveller would survey about 22
travel-related sites before making a choice for holiday. Besides, around 70% of
the business travellers would use their mobile devices to check in-to flight
for convenience. (Vong, 2012) With technology, consumers need not rely on
travel agencies to arrange travel plans for them. Travellers now have the
option to choose their destination and have liberty to plan the types of
activities they would like to do.
The rapid changes in the way people choose to travel and the way
businesses operate due to the implementation of technology shows that
technology has indeed revolutionised the industry.
2.2 What drives this change that technology is now increasingly being
used in hospitality?
The
hospitality industry is expanding rapidly and it has one of the sectors that is
has a fast growth rate compared to other sectors. The hospitality industry form
as much as one-third of the total global service trade. (International Labour
Organisation, 2010) Statistics have shown that international tourist arrivals
have grown by 4.3 per cent between 1995 and 2008. (International Labour
Organisation, 2010)
Due to
factors like globalisation coupled with the constantly falling relative costs
of travel, the demand for travel has increased substantially. In the 2008, the
travel industry recorded 922 million international tourists’ arrivals a
significant jump from 25 million in the year 1950 (International Labour
Organisation, 2010) (see Figure 1)
Figure 1 Reproduced
from International Labour Organisation (2010), Developments and Challenges in
Hospitality and Tourism Sector.
From the
year 1990 onwards, international tourists’ arrivals have been increasingly at a
rate of 4.3 per cent on a yearly basis. The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
has predicted that in the next 20 years, the hospitality industry would expect
a growth rate of about 4 per cent per annum. (International Labour
Organisation, 2010) Moreover, in 2009, the international tourism earnings
amounted to US$852 billion dollars. (International Labour Organization, 2010) This
shows that there is a massive potential in the hospitality industry and
companies are making preparations to ensure that they are in a strategic
position to capture a substantial portion of the market share. One aspect is to
use of technology in their daily operations to improve efficiency since
technology would cut down the need for manual labour and improve customer
experience.
Besides, advancements
in communication technologies like video conferencing have allowed companies to
do business with their counterparts in the other parts of the world.
Therefore, it
creates a more interconnected world. With the ability to expand their business
partnerships to other countries, companies can now earn more revenue and its
employees enjoy higher incomes. (Global Sherpa, n.d)
In the past,
the hospitality industry relied heavily on manpower to ensure the operations of
companies. There was also a great reliance on paper work. For example, service
staff in restaurants would need to take down your order with a pen and paper. This
resulted in longer waiting time needed to serve the patrons their food.
Moreover in the past, hotel guests needed to fill up manually personal
particulars on paper before check in. Hence, many service staffs are needed to
cater to the needs of the guests.
However, this
has all change due to the advancement and implementation of technology in the
hospitality sector. There has been significant improvement to companies’
processes and there is a shift from labour intensive towards technology based
systems. The hospitality industry has benefited substantially due to the
internal operations being much more efficient and guest service quality also
increases. Companies would try to exceed customers’ expectation to ensure that
the experience of the guests would be unique and memorable. By doing so, it creates
a sense of brand loyalty so that customers would come back periodically. When
technology is implemented effectively, it can help boost the competitive
advantage of the company and also build brand loyalty of future customers. (as
cited in Beck, 2011)
With the
proliferation of the internet, it opens up a whole new consumer market .Through
online websites, hotels and restaurants have created a platform for potential
customers to understand their products and service better. In a hectic world of
today, convenience is an influential factor for most people. Since online
reservations can now be done in the click of the button, convenience is brought
to guests. Better computerised systems have also been created to facilitate the
workflow of the company. Security systems have also increased in the hotel
industry with technology.
1.
History
of the Hospitality Industry
In the past,
the hospitality industry was in the form of inn-keeping. During those times,
the facilities and development of hospitality were not as wide as what we have
today. People built simple infrastructures to cater to passing travellers like
merchants. In Greek, they had thermal baths in villages for travellers to rest.
In Rome, mansions were used to house government officials. In China and
Mongolia, there were inns to accommodate merchants who travelled long distances
for business. Hence, since the olden times people were already making a living
by providing passing travellers a place to rest. (The Global Hospitality
Industry, 2010)
It was during
the 16th-17th century were there was greater emphasis on
the hotel industry. In the early 15th century, regulations were made
mandatory for businesses to record the guests that stayed the hotel. In
addition, guide books were published as a reference for travellers to know
about the area. Restaurants also started to display signs as advertisements to
attract more patrons. (The Global Hospitality Industry, 2010)
The
industrial revolution resulted in the construction of many hotels in mainland
Europe, England and America. Hotels were built in prime areas of city centres. Significant
improvements were made from just providing a simple bed for travellers to rest
to having a hotel that encompass facilities like lifts and entertainment rooms.
More facilities were added to hotels and restaurants over time. Sanitation
facilities improved with the addition of individual toilets to each hotel room.
Restaurants also made improvements to their meals by having a wider variety of
cuisines. (The Global Hospitality Industry, 2010)
During the 20th
century, as the industrial revolution had helped increase people’s income
level, there was an increase in the number of tourists travelling to other
parts of the world. Consumer patterns started to change and some people wanted
to travel to other parts to experience a different culture and some wanted to
expand their businesses overseas. Countries were trying to differentiate
themselves to attract tourist arrivals. Hence they built iconic tourist
attractions that incorporate local culture and this helped them to stand out.
For example, the Ritz and Savoy in London and the Taj Mahal in Bombay were
constructed during the 20th century. (The Global Hospitality
Industry, 2010)
Other than
creating a competitive edge based on local culture, businesses also use
facilities to differentiate themselves. The tourism industry has companies who
specialise in providing a relaxing environment for people who want to get away
from the hustle and bustle of the city. Hence, there are beach hotels for
people who want to relax. In the 1960s, new tourist resorts were also built
around Mediterranean, Spain and Greece. (The Global Hospitality Industry,
2010)
It was during
the 1990s that technology started to make an impact on the hospitality
industry. With the implementation of computer systems, reservation and check-in
systems became more sophisticated and the method of manually recording down
information was phrased out. As the environment and energy conservation becomes
an important part of businesses, the technology is brought in help. (The Global
Hospitality Industry, 2010)
2.
Current
Situation
In
2013, the Hospitality Technology magazine surveyed about the trend of using
technology within the hospitality industry. The study found that it is
essential for companies in the hospitality industry to have mobile websites and
phone applications to market themselves. These platforms allow customers to
post their reviews for potential customers to read and take reference from
them. Moreover, mobile technology allows customers to make reservations,
collect guests feedback and search for coupons. Currently, restaurants are
already investing in mobile websites and apps.
According
to the study, around 53 per cent of food and beverages companies in the
hospitality industry do already have a mobile website whereas only 29 per cent of
them have a mobile app. (Whitehorne, 2013) However, this trend of companies
using such mediums is expected to increase. By 2015, it is estimated that 85
per cent of restaurants have a mobile website, and 70 per cent have a mobile
application. (Whitehorne, 2013) For hotels, it is estimated that by 2015, 91
per cent of them would be having a mobile website, while 75 per cent to have a
mobile application. (Whitehorne, 2013)
The
introduction of technology has resulted in an increased competition in the
industry. Therefore, it is imperative that companies create a distinct edge for
themselves that allow consumers to identify them from the majority. This
section will look into the two main aspects of hospitality which is about (a)
hotels and (b) restaurants.
2.1 Hotels
Positive
Impacts
With the
introduction of cloud computing, some portions of the IT functions can now be
shifted offsite hence lowering the need for technical staff. This would help
hotels cut down on large expenditures. Before the introduction of cloud
computing, hotels used to invest heavily into developing the IT infrastructure.
This causes hotels to not be able to make necessary changes to the system as an
when it is needed to do so and often have to wait for a long time before it has
the capital funding to make such changes. (Mayock, 2013)This puts the company
at a disadvantage as change is imminent in today’s context. In order to keep up
customer’s expectations, the company must be ready to change and improve on current
business practices. Hence, cloud solution solves these problems as changes can
be made to the system readily with little cost.
Despite the
economic downturn in 2008, hotel operators understand that it is essential that
they invest in technology to ensure that they are at the fore-front of change.
With technology, it provides the business the added advantage and it may help
to differentiate them from all the companies in this competitive industry. Expectations
of today’s guests are high as they want to have a different experience, enjoy new
services and conveniences. (Hospitality Net, 2010)
In a bid to
satisfy guests, companies use technology to ensure there is a greater variety
of choice. In addition, the overall hotel experience also increases. Technology
has helped bridge the gap between guests and the hotel. With the use of
information and communication technology being rampant these days, there is real customer engagement as people gather
and share information. The vast amount of information on the Internet
allows the consumers to make informed choices. Hence, reviews of past customers
can help potential customers to make decisions. Through websites, pictures of
the hotel ambience and nearby facilities can be taken to allow the customer to
look at them. By looking at visuals, it would be a better marketing strategy.
Moreover, there is a choice of doing online booking instead of having to go through
travel agencies. The websites also allows consumer to have the ability to
select the dates and check if there are any available rooms for that period.
This helps save cost for companies they do not need to rely on travel agencies
to promote them. (The International Hotel School, 2010)
Computerised
systems allow guests to spend lesser time at the reception counter to check in.
This shortens the waiting time resulting in higher efficiency. Besides using computerised systems, some
hotels implemented the use of self-service check-in kiosks .This reduces the
number of traditional check in counters needed and also free up more service
staff. This self-service technology provides an alternative to repeated
travellers who do not want to spend time queuing to check in. (Mayock, 2010)
Better in
room service entertainment is installed in hotel rooms to improve guest’s
experience. There is a trend towards using Internet Protocol (IPTV)
solutions to leverage the Internet to enhance the guests’ experience. Traditional
television does not tailor the content of shows to people. Rather, it would
stream all channels at the same
time.
There is a growing trend where companies try to improve customer
experience by tailoring to the individual preferences of guests. This is
evident in the case of using the IPTV. Upon the request of its viewers, IPTV
would screen the selected specialised content. The viewer’s preference would be
recorded and recommendations can be given to the viewer. This increases customers’
satisfaction as the contents are now tailored to suit their needs. An example
would be the Omni Nashville Hotel. The guests have access to as many as 44 high
definition channels to watch. The IPTV turns the guestrooms’ TVs into smart TVs
where guests have the option to watch traditional TV or view their selected own
Internet content. (Hotel Management, 2013)
Technology
can help speed up services for guests. Guests may loan an ipad from the hotel containing
maps and suggestions of local restaurants and sightseeing for the tourists. (Weed,
2013) By doing so, it would help the environment. Usually, at the lobby of
hotels there will be pamphlets on maps and nearby tourist attractions for the
tourist to go to. Using the I-pad would cut down the reliance on paper products
therefore the environment benefits.
Besides that,
some hotels have launched a GPS-like way-finding system to help guests easily
locate the different facilities. In Mondrian
Hotel in New York City's Soho neighbourhood, such a technology was applied to
improve guests’ experience. The hotel management provides 270 rooms with an
I-Pad which has various functions that can be used by the guests to order food,
help plan their travel schedules. (Vong,
2012)
The proliferations
of smart phones are so wide that when 2013 comes to an end, the number of
smartphones in the world would outweigh the number of human beings in this
world. Therefore, hotels are capitalising on this to connect with their guests.
A new application called Fingi which presents a radical change giving rise to a
new generation of mobile applications. This technology helps to connect the
guests to the hotel services. Some hotels use this technology in replacement of
using room cards and also allow guests to enjoy free telephone calls and
internet services during their stay at the hotel. (Hospitality.Co.Uk.Industry,
2013)
The rise of social
media has massive impact on the
hospitality industry. It is so influential that it is able to affect the hotel’s
image and reputation. Consumers are more inclined to believing review of past
guests rather than the information that the hotel provides about its
facilities. To reach out to clients, some hotels have made use of the internet
and online networking sites (Facebook and Twitter) to manage their online
profiles. Queries from the mass public can also be addressed quickly. Hence, hotels
need to keep track of their profiles online so that they are able to publicise themselves
through online networking sites. These platforms are particularly useful to
address clients’ questions or their troubles quickly on a public platform. This
helps to ensure that the reputation of the business. (The International Hotel School, 2010)
Negative
Impacts
A recent study by Forrester Research, Wi-Fi is the top facility
that customers want. A significant amount of 90 per cent of consumers would
want hotels that have Wi-Fi and 34 per cent will not book a hotel without Wi-Fi.
Wi-Fi service is provided for guests to stay connected with their work
or their families. While this may have a positive impact, however hackers can set up a fake hotspot with a misleading name like
“Hotel WiFi” to trick hotel guests into using it. Once the user connects to it with his
laptop or mobile device, he connects to the Internet through the hacker’s
computer. This exposes the user’s passwords, and bank account and credit card
account numbers. (Legnitto 2013)
2.2 Restaurants
Positive
Impacts
Mobile
applications can be downloaded and recommendations can be made as to where good
food can be found. Moreover, reservations for seats at restaurants can also be
done through the application on the phone. This removes the problem of an
overload in the call service of the restaurants and eliminates the frustration
that patrons experience when they call to make a reservation but cannot get
through due to a busy phone line. Therefore, the significant convenience that the
mobile apps bring helps improve efficiency.
PDA phones
are used to take down orders and system would send them to the kitchen. This
saves time and the food can be prepared faster. An example would be Marche
where customers are issued cards when they enter. The price of food that the
customer eats gets credited into the card. At the end, the consumers then head
to cashier with the card to pay for their meal. Customers can enjoy their meal
and do not need to go through the hassle of having to pay multiple times at the
different stalls. The patrons experience greatly increases with the
implementation of such technology.
A current article in the USA Today showed that restaurants in some states in the US for
example, San Francisco, Atlanta and Chicago are starting to allow patrons to
use i-Pads to place their orders. The use of mobile devices is extremely useful
as not only do they improve service, they also can be used to monitor stock
inventory, and help to facilitate the learning of new staff. (Vardy, 2012)
Moreover,
technology has allowed social networking sites to play an important role in
shaping other customers opinions about the restaurant. Foursquare is an example
where customers can leave their opinions ether good
or bad on a restaurant when they use the application. The reviews that they
give can influence a significant number of users with just one comment. (Vardy
2012)
Negative
Impacts
Research has
shown that some restaurants feel having restaurants review sites poses a
problem to them. It gives customers the ability to write whatever they want
even when it may not be true. (Vardy, 2012) Restaurants
that rely too much on technology may cause their patrons to lose the personal
touch and customers may not feel that they have good service. An interview with Jonathan
Segal, owner of The ONE Group, reveals
that the younger generations would mostly be accustomed to technology and hence
will prefer using electronic order system. However, he believes that there is still
a need for human interaction. The idea of dining was to create opportunities
for social interaction which may be lost if technology replaces waitresses. (Leaders
Online, 2012)
3.
Future
Considerations
3.1 How does the introduction of
technology affect countries economically and socially?
For countries
that face labour shortages like Singapore, the implementation of technology in
this industry is beneficial as there are economic benefits that can be reaped. Technology
helps as they take over the manual labour of the job freeing up more human
resource for service related work that needs people. Moreover, the use of
technology would ensure that there are few mistakes as compared to when a human
does it. Therefore, the efficiency level increases. In the year 2011, the tourism
industry contributed $22.3 billion to Singapore’s economy as shown from figure
2. (Singapore Tourism Board Annual Report, 2011)
Tourist
arrivals were high as an estimated 13.2 international visitors visited
Singapore. (Singapore Tourism Board Annual Report, 2011) Hence to cope with the
rising level of tourists, the hospitality industry is setting up the necessary
infrastructure to cope with the future demand from tourists.
Figure 2
Tourism Sector Performance. Reproduced from: Singapore Tourism Board Annual
Report (2011)
For
developing and under-developed countries, they are unable to fork out heavy
capital to invest in such cutting edge technology. These countries currently
need to tackle issues like ensuring its people have access to education,
healthcare, food and water. Therefore, they are at a disadvantage. However,
when overseas companies invest in their country and install such technology,
the lesser manual labour needed hence; there will be a labour surplus. Some
employees would have to be retrenched. However, if one looks at it at a
different perspective then there also may be benefits to the introduction of
technology. More human resources would be available to cater to the growing
sectors of the developing countries.
Hotels and
restaurants have benefited economically from technology as productivity level
increases and the need for manual labour decreases. Therefore, there is higher
revenue earned. However, the initial capital outlay to build the technology in
is very high. Since lesser labour is used, this poses a problem to developing
countries and under-developed countries. In such countries, the skill sets of
their labour are low and only few have higher knowledge. Therefore, the
introduction of technology in the hospitality industry in such countries would
result in people losing their jobs.
In the hospitality industry, new technologies have help lessen the
labour needed and save time. The manual tasks in food preparation are nowadays
contracted out. A majority of the food preparation and production processes are
taken over by machines. The significant improvement in ensuring that the food
is fresh and of high quality makes such technologies even more attractive to restaurants.
(Greenfield, 2007)
The
introduction of technology has lowered the demand for jobs which are routine in
nature whereas it has increased the demand for jobs that require “non-routine”
tasks. The skills sets needed for the routine and non-routine” jobs are on the
extreme ends of the spectrum. (Autor and Dorn, 2013)
The
“non-routine” jobs require one to have a certain level of education and
specialisation. These people are those who innovates new processes through
using analytical skills. Computers have benefited this group of people as the
internet allows them to be able to access a wider range of information and
helps them to process data faster. (Autor and Dorn, 2013)
The routine
jobs on the other hand, do not require such a high skill set. These jobs are
usually repetitive in nature. However many people are able to do such jobs,
hence their earning are not high. (Autor and Dorn, 2013)
Technologies have allowed for greater labour flexibility. Workers of
today are required to have multiple skill sets and generalised qualification
for them to be able to do multiple tasks.
Expectations of guests have also changed over the years, some customers
may expect workers on the front desk to take their order instantly and respond
to them fast. With these high expectations, customers may easily impatient. (Greenfield,
2007)
The high consumption of energy
from the hospitality industry comes from lighting. By installing
energy-efficient lighting is just one way that companies can reduce its energy
bills and create an image that they have corporate social responsibility. This
is helpful as they can market themselves to eco-conscious travellers at the
same time. (The International Hotel School, n.d)
However, the
excessive use of technology in hospitality may reduce social interactions
between people. Lack of personal touch may cause some customers to feel
alienated and the idea of improving customer service may backfire. The current technology
is that companies are using I-pads, self-check in kiosks and these platforms do
not allow customers to feel a friendly welcome. With the advancement of
technology, in time to come there may be newer platforms like robotic service
staff being used.
3.2 Future of tourism
Technology
also helped hotels and restaurants to reduce their carbon footprints and be
more cost efficient. A 2012 report by The Travel Foundation and Forum for the
Future found that 75% of consumers want a more responsible holiday. (Sustainable
Tourism, 2012) Hence, there are an increasing number of travellers that are
looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint when travelling.
Due
to greater awareness about sustainable tourism, travellers are more concern
about how their actions would impact the environment. The use of energy saving
bulbs would help the hotels and restaurants save electricity. Investing in
technologies aimed at decreasing carbon footprint is hence beneficial for the
hospitality industry. Despite increasing a destination’s attractiveness to
tourists and business travellers, it also saves money too.
It would be difficult
for hotels and restaurants to provide the newest technology in guestrooms as
technology gets obsolete very quickly. The crucial thing that the hospitality
industry can provide is to ensure that the stay ahead and facilitate the guests
use of their devices. Technology has become part and parcel of people’s life
such that guests bring them around wherever they go. This trend could allow the
hospitality industry to tap on and this would help facilitate their guests
making it convenient for them during their stay.
For example, the application named world lens, is extremely useful to
help guests read the menu especially when the menu is not in English. Moreover,
guestrooms may become enhanced with touchscreen mirrors in bathrooms where
guests can conveniently check their emails and the weather forecast of the
day. The use of augmented reality would
definitely increases the customer experience of the guests. (UCLA Conferencing and Catering, 2013)
Moreover, hotel futurists envision nanotechnology enabling a hotel room
to adjust the setting by itself to suit guests’ needs. Molecular technology
could indeed make a significant impact to hotel rooms. Upon request of the
guests, for example a double decker bed, molecular technology would make it
possible to change the existing bed to a double decker bed without the need to
change rooms. This may happen only after a long while where technology have
advanced significantly, molecular technology can promise to create
scratch-resistant furniture, self-cleaning coated glass and windows that filter
UV/IR light. (Keating, n.d)
Besides, the role of tour guide would lessen in the future when
augmented reality is implemented to tourism. As I mentioned previously, some
hotels are already providing I-pad to their hotel guests to help them navigate
around the area. With augmented reality set to revolutionise the world, it will
have a significant impact on the tourism industry too. Tourist need to follow
tour guides as using the I-pad and the augmented reality, the users would be
able to read up about the history and origins of the historical buildings and
places. Hence, the layer of information that the augmented reality brings allow
tourist to be able to travel independently and at a pace that is comfortable to
them.
4.
Conclusion
The hospitality
industry has undergone lots of changes over the years but the speed at which
change is occurring now is the fastest due to the introduction of technology.
The rise of smartphones, social media invokes changes that the hospitality
industry has to adapt to. Overall, the hospitality industry has benefited
greatly from the use of technology despite some negative impacts it brings. The
main benefits would be improved efficiency and creating a better customer
experience.
Currently,
there are some problems for example the widening of the income gaps between the
developed and the developing countries when technology is used. The workers
that lose their jobs to technology should be given opportunities to re-skill
and learn new knowledge so that they are able to take a higher level job.
Moreover, there is the problem of social alienation if there are no waitresses
in the restaurant or when there is no reception desks in a hotel. In the
future, companies should think about how technology can be used without
removing the personal touch that a receptionist brings.
Reference:
Autor
and Dorn (2013) How Technology Wrecks the Middle Class. Retrieved from:
Beck.
(2011) Can technology improve guests’ service quality in hotels? Retrieved
from: http://htihospitality.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/can-technology-improve-guest-service-quality-in-hotels/
Gerard Greenfield (2007) New technologies and Hotel,
Restaurant, Catering and Tourism Workers Retrieved from: http://www.amrc.org.hk/alu_article/labour_movement_and_the_internet/new_technologies_and_hotel_restaurant_catering_and_tour
Global Sherpa. (n.d). Globalization, Sustainable
Development and Social Impact in World Rankings, Countries and Cities.
Retrieved from: http://www.globalsherpa.org/globalization-globalisation
Hospitality
Net (2010) Hotels Invest in Technology Despite the Economic Downturn due to its
Positive Impact in the Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4048071.html
Hotel.Co.Uk.Industry
(2013) Revolutionary In-room tech. Retrieved from: http://www.hotel-industry.co.uk/2013/04/revolutionary-in-room-tech/
Hotel
Management (2013) iBahn to install IPTV services in Omni Nashville Hotel.
Retrieved from: http://www.hotelmanagement.net/technology/ibahn-to-install-iptv-services-in-omni-nashville-hotel-21137
International
Labour Organization (2010). Developments and challenges in the hospitality and
tourism sector. Retrieved from: http://t20.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/gdfhts-r-2010-08-0058-1l-en.pdf
Keating (n.d) Hotels of the
future Retrieved from: http://hotels.about.com/od/hiphotels/tp/future_hotels.htm
Leaders
Online (2012) An Opportunistic Operator. Retrieved from: http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2012.2_apr/Hospitality/LEADERS-Jonathan-Segal-The-ONE-Group.html
Legnitto
(2013) Hotel Customers Want WiFi but most ignore the Risks Retrieved from: http://www.privatewifi.com/hotel-customers-want-wifi-but-most-ignore-the-risks/
Mayock
(2010) Checking in on Self-service Kiosks Retrieved from: http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Article/2652
Mayock,
(2010) 4 Technology Trend for the Global Hotel Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Article/3572/4-technology-trends-for-the-global-hotel-industry
Singapore Tourism Board Annual Report (2011)
Retrieved from http://www1.yoursingapore.com/annualreport/pdf/stb_ar_2012.pdf
Sustaining
Toruism. (2013) Sustainable Tourism. Retrieved from: http://www.sustainabletourism.net/resources.html
The Global
Hospitality Industry (2010) Retrieved from: http://ncba.ie/student_and_teacher_resources_files/The_Global_Hospitality_Industry.pdf
The
International Hotel School (2010) Technology driving Innovation in the Hotel
Industry. Retrieved from: http://www.hotelschool.co.za/2013/06/technology-driving-innovation-in-the-hotel-industry/
The International Hotel School (2006) Technology
trends in Hospitaility Industry Retrieved from: http://www.hotelschool.co.za/2012/09/technology-trends-in-the-hospitality-industry/
UCLA Conferencing and Catering (2013) The future of
technology In hospitality industry. Retrieved from: http://uclameetings.wordpress.com/2013/04/11/the-future-of-technology-in-the-hospitality-industry/
Vardy
(2012) Resistant to the inevitable: How technology is changing the restaurant
industry. Retrieved from: http://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/09/22/how-technology-changing-restaurant-industry/
Vong (2012) How Technology in Tourism is Taking
Travel to the Next Level. Retrieved from: http://www.trendreports.com/article/technology-in-tourism
Weed
(2013) The “Smart” Trend in Hotels. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/business/electronic-smarts-at-hotels-attract-guests.html?pagewanted=all&_r=3&
Whitehorse
(2013) Technology Takeaways from The Hospitality Industry. Retrieved from: http://associationsnow.com/2013/09/technology-takeaways-from-the-hospitality-industry
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
Session 10
Technology assessment and forecasting
This lessons talks about assessing and evaluating new technologies and forecasting the future to ensure that we stay ahead in the game. By being more aware of the future challenges and opportunities, we can be more prepared for the future.
Prof showed us a video produced by Siemens to kick-start the lesson. There are 2 mega trends mentioned in the video mainly, urbanization and demographic change. People are shifting from the rural areas to cities in search of better jobs. When people move into cities, they increase the demand for resources. People need to have clean access to a water supply hence water purification techniques are extremely important. Moreover, there will also be a rise in energy demand. The essential point here is that the energy of the future needs to be from a clean source and it needs to be renewable. Living in the cities, the cities needs to have a proper transportation system for people to be mobile. Mobility is now a success factor. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, people can do business with people living at the other side of the world. Hence, mobility is extremely essential. There is a huge number of cars on the road which causes an increased congestion. In addition, there is an increase in demand for security and also in healthcare. A high importance were also given to the quality of healthcare. As the medical industry moves towards using a more computerized system, more and more patient information are going to placed in electronics to allow easy retrieving of the files. In a situation where an emergency patient has been admitted to the nearest hospital, the patients medical history that are stored in other hospitals can be retrieved easily. Siemens is a company that is investing in the technologies of the future. It is open about its future plans as it produces the video that mentions the 2 mega trends that will be affecting the world most. This may be beneficial to Siemens as similar companies can get together and work together forming partnerships. On the flip side, your competitors would know about your future plans and try to affect them.
This lessons talks about assessing and evaluating new technologies and forecasting the future to ensure that we stay ahead in the game. By being more aware of the future challenges and opportunities, we can be more prepared for the future.
Prof showed us a video produced by Siemens to kick-start the lesson. There are 2 mega trends mentioned in the video mainly, urbanization and demographic change. People are shifting from the rural areas to cities in search of better jobs. When people move into cities, they increase the demand for resources. People need to have clean access to a water supply hence water purification techniques are extremely important. Moreover, there will also be a rise in energy demand. The essential point here is that the energy of the future needs to be from a clean source and it needs to be renewable. Living in the cities, the cities needs to have a proper transportation system for people to be mobile. Mobility is now a success factor. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, people can do business with people living at the other side of the world. Hence, mobility is extremely essential. There is a huge number of cars on the road which causes an increased congestion. In addition, there is an increase in demand for security and also in healthcare. A high importance were also given to the quality of healthcare. As the medical industry moves towards using a more computerized system, more and more patient information are going to placed in electronics to allow easy retrieving of the files. In a situation where an emergency patient has been admitted to the nearest hospital, the patients medical history that are stored in other hospitals can be retrieved easily. Siemens is a company that is investing in the technologies of the future. It is open about its future plans as it produces the video that mentions the 2 mega trends that will be affecting the world most. This may be beneficial to Siemens as similar companies can get together and work together forming partnerships. On the flip side, your competitors would know about your future plans and try to affect them.
It is essential that one understands about assessment and
forecasting. Assessment is focusing on specific technology whereas forecasting
is about a wide range of technology. By ensuring that we can access and
forecast, we are able to have good foresight.
Since research and development of a product is expensive,
we need to know and consider its viability before investments are made. Having
a limited amount of resources, we need to narrow down the choices that are
viable. Developing countries have to rank their needs. Problems like poverty
and starvation should be given priority instead. The problem that some
developing countries faced are that when resources are allocated to develop new
technologies that do not help solve immediate problems are often faced with
negative reactions. However, if the
right investment is made, in the future, the developing country will benefit.
Through this lesson, I learnt that before investments is
made into a technology; a lot of consideration has been put in.
Personal Rating: 8.5/10
Personal Rating: 8.5/10
Wednesday, October 23, 2013
Session 9
Emerging technologies
This session focuses on the technologies of the future and how it can change the way we live. In order to innovate and create new technology, having the right mindset is very important. Instead of asking why, by asking why not, your perspective is widened. One will consider the possibilities and this would help in innovation. An example of future technology is the rise of claytronics. Claytronics combines nanoscale robotics and computer science to create individual nanometer- scale computers that can interact with each other to form tangible 3D objects. In the video that Prof showed, one can see that claytronics can allow users to easily change and make amendments to the design.
The drivers for this future and emerging technologies are market driven and supply driven. Market driven research are that there is a gap in the present market for such a good and people would definitely purchase it if it exists. However, supply driven research is one where people do not realise that they would need such products. An example would be Walkman and 3D printing. In the past, people do not see the need for such a product. However when it is being mass produced, people find it useful and more and more people started using hence creating a demand for it. The is so for 3D printers. Perhaps people may not find it useful now but once they get to use it, 3D printers can revolutionize the way people live. Toys could be customized for children and there could be a lot of personalized products.
Another emerging technology is the rise of flexible plastic electronic. Imagine using an ipad with a plastic screen, it would be very beneficial for consumers as it is now lighter and there is no fear if the device is dropped.
Prof also mentioned the analogy of a crumpled paper and a plain sheet of paper. Working ideas on a blank paper allows more room of imagination. Therefore, people need to be open to all possibilities and not limit themselves.
Not only is the innovation of a new product is important, mass media and advertising is equally important. Marketing a new technology would create public interest to the product and people would want to try it out.
Mass media and advertising have the ability to change people perception.
To ensure its successful, from previous sessions I mentioned that 4 essential factors is needed. The 4 factors are smart people, smart ideas, smart money and smart partnerships. Most people would want to invest in a product after its been successful however, the person who can predict which technology will be successful and invest it early is smart. Often, the cost of investing in a new product that just started is cheap. It is however extremely difficult to spot such products as only 1 in 10 ideas actually succeed.
There are so many different areas of emerging technologies some namely are bio technologies, robotics, and nanotechnologies. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products. A branch of biotechnology is pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body's response to drugs. By doing so, customized medicine can be produced for the individual. This would also help to remove the side effects and make sure the patient would not reject the medicine. This increases the life expectancy of humans as people now have a better healthcare system. However, this sector has raised ethical concerns. For example, cloning.
Biotechnology can also help to increase the security systems. As seen in many spy and action movies, the vault is lock and only the person authorized to open the vault who have to scan his iris before entering. The use of iris recognition increases security. The speed at which it matches the eye is also very quick and its extremely hard to match falsely.
Robotics is also one area to look into the future. Prof showed as this video where robots can be made specially for a person and can even be a perfect boyfriend/girlfriend. Robotics are useful as they may take over the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing process. However, will the robots' artificial intelligent supersede that of the human brains? If robots are as smart as us, what would become of humans?
Personally, i think that the surveillance technology needs to be handled properly. The production of spy drones and many other weapons can seriously threaten one's privacy. Indeed, it is definitely useful to be able to develop and enhance this technology further as it can help combat terrorism. For example, there is the Automated Warning and Response Engine (AWARE) from Abeo Technical Services. The software will actually analyze the video itself and spot for potential terrorist or suspected terrorist activities. No individual would want others to tap on one's conversation. Hence, it is essential to how is it technology going to be applied such that it does not infringe on personal space.
Another interesting technology to me is the knowledge management technology. In such a connected world of today and the proliferation of the internet, one can now have access to a wide array of information. Companies of today are faced with huge amount of data and information. Hence, there is a higher demand for people who are able to analyse these data and understand the customer's trends. By understanding these information, the company is then able to make informed decisions.
I came across this article written by John Pavuls and he talked about the 10 breakthrough technologies in 2013. One of which i found particularly interesting is the introduction of smart watches. The watch named Pebble watch allows users to check their e-mail or the weather forecast without taking out their mobile phones. Pebble uses Bluetooth to connect wirelessly to an iPhone or Android phone and displays notifications, messages, and other simple data of the user’s choosing on its small black-and-white LCD screen. Retrieved from: http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/513376/smart-watches/
As the world changes and consumer pattern changes, more products would be invented. However to ensure that new technologies are revolutionary we should always be open to possibilities and adopt the blank paper approach.
Personal Rating : 8.5/10
Tuesday, October 22, 2013
Session 8
Prof mentioned that knowledge was lost on many occasions,
one being the burning of books by Qin Shi Huang. Hence, we are sort of at a
stage where we are going backwards and forwards. As someone living in
Singapore, I must say that our consumption per capital is very high. Based on
the current consumption, there is simply not enough to supply us and the
generations to come. Hence, it is inevitable that we need to retool and create
an environment where the world uses sustainable energy sources.
There
is already a significant research done. I feel that the most important part is
about implementing it to our daily lives. More focus should be given to
constructing and ensuring that there are adequate facilities to support the
people who are using such technologies.
Personal Rating: 9/10
In this lesson, we discussed about the different energy
sources that we currently rely on and explore the new ways in which renewable
energy can be developed. There are many different types of renewable energy that are available. For instance, there is biomass fuel, solar energy and wind energy. Biomass is biological material that is derived from living organisms. Solar energy is harnessing power from the sun. Wind energy is using wind to turn the turbines resulting in electricity produced from the kinetic energy of the turbines.
Prof started the lesson off with a video where humans shift from using fossil fuels as consumption to sustainable sources. In the video, it shows that as the world population increase, the consumption of energy would rise. Hence, we need to cultivate new habits, such as taking the public transport instead of owning cars. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies like using solar power, wind power shift the production of harmful pollution. In addition, we also have to think of new ideas to improve the situation.
Prof started the lesson off with a video where humans shift from using fossil fuels as consumption to sustainable sources. In the video, it shows that as the world population increase, the consumption of energy would rise. Hence, we need to cultivate new habits, such as taking the public transport instead of owning cars. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies like using solar power, wind power shift the production of harmful pollution. In addition, we also have to think of new ideas to improve the situation.
In the past when the West has their industrial revolution,
they grew on consuming fossil fuels. In the process of building infrastructures
for the country, the consumption of fossil fuel soared. This created a lot of
problems. It resulted in global warming which is what we are experiencing today.
Moreover, rising sea levels also threatens to submerge low lying nations. Developing
countries (China and India) cannot follow this path as it will further
exacerbate the problem. They would have to think of other methods. In the
future, China would have to consume a lot more oil than the US as their
population is higher than that of the US.
China foresees that they would need to rely on other sources
of energy hence; they have been investing heavily in the research and
innovation of ways in which renewable energy can be developed. However, there
have been some controversies in relation to this. For example the construction
of the three gorges dam was seen as destruction to the environment although it
helped to create electricity for China. The dam brought about significant
environmental impact for example earthquakes, landslides and a decrease in
wildlife around that area.
There is a problem of depleting amount of petroleum. Hence,
we need to turn to renewable sources.
Countries around the world are also doing something about
this. Europe has made it mandatory to use energy saving bulbs and have banned
the use of filament lamp. Germany has also been innovative and successful in using
renewable energy to sustain their needs. Germany plans to generate about 35% of
its electricity by 2020.
The reason why the change towards using renewable energy
sources is not happening fast enough is because fossil fuels are artificially
priced lower. The price of oil simply does not include the opportunity cost
that incurs when one uses oil. The environmental price to pay, when more carbon
dioxide is emitted is not factored in the price of oil. Burning oil as fuel is
wasteful when there are many other uses for crude oil. One of the most common
products of crude oil is plastic. Therefore, when we take into account the
opportunity cost of oil then the price of oil will rise. This in turn would be
a major determinant to consumers. Using a combination of wind power, solar
power, geothermal power, hydroelectricity and biofuels, Germany is moving
towards relying on renewable energy. There are also government policies in
place to support renewable energy. People who produce renewable energy can sell
the electricity at fixed prices. Hence, this has caused a huge increase in
production of renewable energy.
Personal Rating: 9/10
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